PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences

DEVELOPMENTS IN ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCE LITERATURE: TOWARDS THE FUTURE OF WORK

Marcella Riwo Abudho — Fri, 24 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The innovative human capital in global economic development cannot go unnoticed in such times of change with a focus on sustainability. Research has long shown that the intermateriality across social, economic, and political facets is a manifestation of the change created by entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is therefore not just a venture creation process but a driver of civilization. Entrepreneurial learning has been evolving since the proposal of the first entrepreneurship course, dubbed ‘Management of New Enterprises,’ at Harvard Business School in 1947. The diversity of educational aims, methods in teaching, and approaches in monitoring and evaluation has led to the heterogeneity in the definition of concepts around entrepreneurship, including entrepreneurship competence, entrepreneurial education, and entrepreneurship practice. Entrepreneurs have been described by a variety of terms, and various studies have concluded that there is no scientific definition that has been agreed upon for the concept. The ever-growing engagements in entrepreneurial competence in research and practice has led to a diversity of perspectives and models that all make a contribution to the field. While referring to early entrepreneurial literature, studies have concluded that individual intentions and subsequent behaviors bring the emergence of new business organizations, and as this process evolves over time, entrepreneurial intentions are witnessed across business formations.

BETWEEN FEAR AND THE DESIRE TO BE ACCEPTED: SOCIAL ANXIETY AMONG WOMEN WHO USE SOCIAL MEDIA

Az-zahra Atika Putri, Zata Ismah — Fri, 24 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Social anxiety is a form of anxiety commonly experienced by individuals, especially during late adolescence and early adulthood. This developmental period is characterized by demands for social adaptation, independence, and identity search, which often cause excessive worry in social interactions. This study aims to determine the profile of social anxiety in late adolescent and early adult women. The method used was quantitative observational with a cross-sectional design. The study sample consisted of 155 female respondents aged 18–25 years in Palembang City, obtained through accidental sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire that measured aspects of general feelings, physical feelings, and cognitive changes. The results showed that the majority of respondents were in the moderate category for all aspects, with a proportion of 58.7% in general feelings, 62.6% in physical feelings, and 75.5% in cognitive changes. The aspect of general feelings was the most vulnerable to being in the high category (30.3%). Based on age differences, late adolescents showed higher anxiety than early adults, particularly in terms of general feelings and cognitive changes. In conclusion, social anxiety in late adolescent to early adult women was generally moderate, with a higher tendency in the late adolescent group. These findings indicate the importance of psychological intervention to help individuals manage social anxiety according to their stage of development.

STRATEGIC INNOVATION MODEL FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY MSMEs OF PASAR BARU TRADE CENTER BANDUNG INDONESIA

Ayu Melinda, Eka Yuliana — Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to analyze the relationship between digital barriers, platform capability, strategic innovation, and the sustainability of MSMEs in the Pasar Baru Trade Center in Bandung, Indonesia. The motivation for this study is the decline in visitor numbers, the shift in consumer purchasing behavior towards digital platforms, and the increasing number of abandoned kiosks in the market area. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with semi-structured interviews, observation, and documentation with 7 MSMEs in the textile, fashion, and batik sectors. Thematic analysis was conducted on the data using NVivo software. The results show that a significant number of MSMEs still face digital barriers, such as a lack of digital literacy, suboptimal technology utilization, and reliance on traditional sales tactics, which lead to reactive and short-term innovation. However, MSMEs that interact with marketplaces, social media, and live broadcasts tend to be more responsive to customer desires and market changes. Furthermore, this study also reveals that platform capability not only supports sales operations but also helps MSMEs develop innovations in products, marketing, and sales approaches, which then contribute to business sustainability. From a resource-based view (RBV) perspective, digital competence, as a significant internal resource, can be considered to enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of MSMEs in the digital era. Therefore, this study develops a strategic innovation model to illustrate how MSME sustainability is influenced by how MSMEs overcome digital barriers, utilize digital platforms, and respond to market changes through strategic innovation.

EFFECTS OF HIGH SCHOOL–LED CAMP ON ELEMENTARY STUDENTS’ SCIENCE LEARNING MOTIVATION: A PRETEST–POSTTEST STUDY

Witsanu Supandee, Chitphon Yachulawetkunakorn — Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a high school–led academic camp on elementary students’ science learning motivation and their inspiration to pursue further education in science. A one-group pretest–posttest quasi-experimental design was employed. The participants consisted of 53 volunteer elementary students (26 boys and 27 girls), aged 7–8 years. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree), measuring five dimensions: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, science self-efficacy, interaction in science learning, and attitude toward science. The research procedure included seven sessions: administration of a pre-activity survey (pre-test), participation in ice-breaking recreational activities, engagement in integrated science-based learning stations designed in a game-based format, participation in ice-breaking recreational activities, summary of activity, administration of a post-activity survey (post-test), and statistical data analysis. All learning activities were facilitated by high school students from a science-focused school. The findings indicated that post-test mean scores were significantly higher than pre-test scores (p < 0.05). The results suggest that participation in a high school–led academic camp is associated with increased science learning motivation and positive attitudes toward science. As a pilot study, these findings provide preliminary evidence supporting the potential of high school–led academic camps as an approach to fostering science learning motivation among young learners.

RESULTS OF PILOT SURVEY TO EXAMINE SUNZI’S ART OF WAR’S APPLICABILITY TO CYBER RISK MANAGEMENT

Puay Fong Oh — Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Chinese classic on strategy, Sunzi’s The Art of War (hereafter SAW), is often quoted in the cybersecurity literature without further explanation or justification why or how it is applicable to cyber risk management (CyRM). This paper presents the results of a pilot survey that was part of a larger study using a mixed-methods approach to rigorously and systematically examine this issue. The results based on a sample size of 50 respondents reinforced the same observation that prompted the study, namely, while there was agreement on SAW’s applicability to CyRM, there was less understanding on how it could be operationalized in practice. Following data collection, the Chi-square independence tests revealed statistically significant differences between observed and expected frequencies for age; gender; education level; employment status; geographical location; possession or lack of cybersecurity qualification(s); employment in a small or medium enterprise (SME); and familiarity with SAW. The Cronbach alpha calculated for the theoretical categories that emerged from the earlier qualitative phases of the study fell within acceptable range. Notably, removing data outliers did not change the results, suggesting that data saturation was achieved. Nonetheless, further research, such as follow-up interviews with selected participants or focus groups, and a full survey with more participants, including more CyRM professionals, are recommended.