COMPETENCE PROFILE OF AN IDEAL LEADER IN A SELLING CENTER: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2020.62.423435Keywords:
Selling Centers, Leadership, Acceptance, Competencies, SalesAbstract
Multidisciplinary sales project teams, in the literature also referred to as selling centers, receive increasing attention in both practice and scientific community. In case, selling centers are formed, the sales associate must assume leadership responsibility for the subject matter experts involved. The challenge, however, lies in the sales associate´s lack of formal authority towards these subject matter experts from other departments. This study examined the research question of which competencies sales associates should acquire in order to be accepted as a leader by selling center participants despite their lack of formal authority. For this purpose, twelve selling center participants were interviewed during semi-structured face-to-face interview sessions. The interviewees described the competencies of an ideal leader from a selling center. All interviews were evaluated by applying qualitative content analysis. In addition, a frequency analysis was carried out to evaluate the number of mentions per competence. A total of six competencies were identified which generate acceptance of leadership in selling centers. The conclusion section of this paper deals with a critical appraisal as well as with future research potential.
References
Adhabi, Essa & Anozie, C. B. (2017). Literature Review for the Type of Interview in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Education, 9, 86-97. https://doi.org/10.5296/ije.v9i3.11483
Aslan, M. & Pamukcu, A. (2017). Managerial Competencies and Impact on Management Levels. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 6 (9), 1-15.
Behle, C. & Hofe, R. (2014). Handbuch Außendienst: Kundengewinnung und Kundenbindung, Gebietsmanagement und Verkaufsstrategien, Verkaufspsychologie und Preisgespräche (4th ed.). Munich: Vahlen. https://doi.org/10.15358/9783800647743
Brown, R. B. & McCartney, S. (1995). Competence is not enough: Meta-competence and accounting education. Accounting Education, 4, 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639289500000006
Cheng, Y. (2018). Experience-Based Perception of Research Literacy Development by English Undergraduates in China. PUPIL: International Journal of Teaching, Education and Learning, 2, 22-37. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijtel.2018.23.2237
Eberl, M. & Schreyoegg, G. (2015). Organisationale Kompetenzen: Grundlagen – Modelle – Fallbeispiele. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K. & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness. SAGE Open, 4, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014522633
Epitropaki, O. & Martin, R. (2004). Implicit Leadership Theories in Applied Settings: Factor Structure, Generalizability and Stability Over Time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 293-310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.2.293
Flick, U. (2020). Introducing Research Methodology. Los Angeles, LA: SAGE.
Fauler, S. (2014). Handlungsorientierung in Prüfungen: Eine Untersuchung am Beispiel einer kaufmännischen Abschlussprüfung. Muenster: Waxmann.
Freyer, W. (2008). Reisebüro-Management: allgemeine Grundlagen. W. Freyer & W. Pompl (Eds.), Reisebüro-Management: Gestaltung der Vertriebsstrukturen im Tourismus (pp. 137-182). Munich: Oldenbourg https://doi.org/10.1524/9783486711158.135
https://doi.org/10.1524/9783486711158.319
https://doi.org/10.1524/9783486711158.bm
https://doi.org/10.1524/9783486711158.fm
https://doi.org/10.1524/9783486711158
https://doi.org/10.1524/9783486711158.1
Grote, S. (Ed.). (2012). Die Zukunft der Führung. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31052-2
Harper, D. S. (2018). Competency-Based Learning for Organizational Managers. In D. S. Harper, Competency-Based Learning for Organizational Managers. Washington: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5255-0.ch005
Heilmann, T. (2006). Manual of International Marketing. Wiesbaden: Gabler.
Hogan, R., & Ahmad, G. (2011). Leadership. In Chamorro-Premuzic, T., von Stumm, S. & Fuhrmannm A. (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences (408-426). Malden: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444343120.ch15
Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15, 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Ingram, T. N., LaForge, R. W., Schwepker, C. H., & Williams, M. R. (2015). Sales Management: Analysis and Decision Management. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.
Jelinek, R., & Jelinek, K. (2010). From clear to complicated: Buying and selling accounting services post Sarbanes-Oxley. Business Horizons, 53, 511-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2010.05.002
Johnston, M., Marshall, G. (2013). Contemporary Selling: Building Relationships, Creating Value (4th ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203120965
Jones, E., Dixon, A., Chonko, L., & Cannon, J. (2005). Key Accounts and Team Selling: A Review, Framework, and Research Agenda. The Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 25 (2), 181-198.
Kalu, M. (2019). How does “subjective I” influence a qualitative research question, theoretical approach and methodologies. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 25, 97-101. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v25i1.13
Khorakian, A. & Sharifirad, M. S. (2018). Integrating Implicit Leadership Theories, Leader-Member Exchange, Self-Eficacy, and Attachment Theory to Predict Job Performance. Psychological Reports, 122, 1-28. Doi: 10.1177/0033294118773400.
Košinár, J. (2014). Professionalisierung in der Lehrerausbildung: Anforderungsbearbeitung und Kompetenzentwicklung im Referendariat. Opladen: Barbara Budrich. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvddzws8
Kothandaraman, P., Agnihotri, R & Anderson, R. (2011). The salesperson's role in CRM success: Exploring the value of salespersons' mapping of buying centre structure. The Marketing Review, 11, 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1362/146934711X589453
Kothandaraman, P., Agnihotri, R. & Dingus, R. (2014). Pursuing Success in Service Recovery: The Role of Salesperson Power in Selling Centre. Journal of Services Research, 14 (1), 141-159.
Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content Analysis: An introduction to its Methodology. Los Angeles, LA: SAGE.
Kuckartz, U. (2014). Qualitative Text Analysis: a Guide to Methods, Practice and Using Software. Los Angeles, LA: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446288719
Kumaranayake, R. (2017). Review of the current status of the studies on personality traits. International Journal of Applied Research, 3 (11), 38-45.
Lindheim, T. (2020). ‘Good Leaders Do the Dirty Work’: Implicit Leadership Theory at the Multicultural Workplace. In H. Askeland, G. Espedal, B. Jelstad Lovaas, S. Sirris (Eds.) Understanding Values Work (97-115). Cham: Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37748-9_6
Liu, L., Ayman, R. & Ayman-Nolley, S. (2012). Children´s Image of Leadership in China. In S. Turnbull, P. Case, G. Edwards, D. Schedlitz & P. Simpson (Eds.), Worldly Leadership: Alternative Wisdoms for a Complex World. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
Lord, R. G. & Maher, K. J. (1991). Leadership and Information Processing: Linking Perceptions and Performance. London: Routledge.
Luttermann, K. & Schäble, P. C. (2016). Wissenstransfer in der Wirtschaftskommunikation: Zum Sprachverständnis der europäischen Finanzkrise aus Experten- und Laiensicht. I. Ellen & A. Busch (Eds.), Handbuch Wirtschaftskommunikation: Interdisziplinäre Zugänge zur Unternehmenskommunikation (pp. 389-433). Tuebingen: A. Francke.
Mansourian, Y. (2008). Exploratory nature of, and uncertainity tolerance in, qualitative research. New Library World, 109, 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074800810873614
Mathers, N., Fox, N. & Hunn, A. (2000). Using Interviews in a Research Project. In A. Wilson, M. Williams & B. Hancock (Eds), Research approaches in primary care (pp. 113-134). Oxford: Radliffe Medical Press.
Morgan, S. (2013). Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research. Dordrecht, NL: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6094-3
Mullins, R., & Pangapoulos, N. (2018). Understanding the theory and practice of team selling: An introduction to the special section and recommendations on advancing sales team research. Industrial Marketing Management, 77, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.03.001
Nascimiento, L., Souza, T. V., Oliveira, I. C., Moraes, J., Aguiar, R. & Silva, L. F. (2018). Theoretical saturation in qualitative research: an experience report in interview with schoolchildren, 7, 228-233. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0616
North, K., Reinhardt, K. & Sieber-Sutter, B.(2018). Kompetenzmanagement in der Praxis: Mitarbeiterkompetenzen systematisch identifizieren, nutzen und entwickeln. Mit vielen Praxisbeispielen (3rd ed). Wiesbaden: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16872-8
O´Connor, C. & Joffe, H. (2020). Intercoder Reliability in Qualitative Research: Debates and Practical Guidelines. The International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919899220
Paley, J. (2017). Phenomenology as Quantitative Research: A Critical Analysis of Meaning Attribution. London, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315623979
Phin, C. (2017). Empirical Directions to Designing Sustainable In-Service Training Framework for Primary School Teacher in Cambodia. PUPIL: International Journal of Teaching, Education and Learning, 1, 17-38. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijtel.2017.12.1738
Queirós, A., Faria, D., & Almeida, F. (2017). Strengths and Limitations of Qualitative and Quantititative Research Methods. European Journal of Education Studies, 3, 369-387. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.887089
Rybowiak, V., Garst, H., Frese, M. & Batinic, B. (1999). Error Orientation Questionnaire (EQQ): reliability, validity, and different language equivalence. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 527-547. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199907)20:4<527::AID-JOB886>3.0.CO;2-G
Samsonova, O. (2019). Exploring Elementary Teachers´ Practices with Response to IWBS. PUPIL: International Journal of Teaching, Education and Learning, 3, 130-145. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijtel.2019.31.130145
Schwarzkopf, R. (2019). Analysis of Personality Traits which generate an Acceptance of Leadership within Selling Centers. In Modern Economy, Smart Development (pp. 598-606). Sopron: International Scientific Conference.
Schwarzkopf, R. (2020). Empirical analysis of factors which generate voluntary participation in selling centers. Journal of Distribution Science, 18, 83-88. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15722/jds.18.5.202005.83
Schyns, B. (2006). The role of implicit leadership theories in the performance appraisals and promotion recommendations of leaders. Equal Opportunities International, 25, 188-199. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610150610687836
Smith, J. B., Barclay, D. (1993). Team Selling Effectiveness. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 1, 3-32. https://doi.org/10.1300/J033v01n02_02
Spekman, R. & Johnston, W. (1986). Relationship Management: Managing the Selling and the Buying Interface. Journal of Business Research, 14(6), 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(86)90012-3
Springer, M. L. (2013). Project and Program Management: A Competency-based Approach. Indiana: Purdue University.
Tavares, G. M., Sobral, F., Goldszmidt, R. & Araújo, F. (2018). Opening the Implicit Leadership Theories´ Black Box: An Experimental Approach with Conjoint Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00100
Terho, H., Eggert, A., Haas, A. & Ulaga, W. (2015). How Sales Strategy Translates into Performance: The Role of Salesperson Customer Orientation and Value-Based Selling. Industrial Marketing Management, 44, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.02.017
Weitz, B. A., & Bradford, K. (1999). Personal Selling and Sales Management: A Relationship Marketing Perspective. Journal of Marketing Science, 27(241), 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070399272008
Wuttke, E. & Seifried, J. (2017). Competence, Teacher Competence and Professional Error Competence: An Introduction. E. Wuttke & J. Seifried (Eds.), Professional Error Competence of Preservice Teachers: Evaluation and Support (pp. 1-14). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52649-2_1
Zabala, B. A., Corpus, R. B., Cabico, Arvin A. I. (2019). Implicit Leadership Theories as Determinants of Administrative Management Performance. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS), 6 (8), 78-84.
Zikmund, W., Alessandro, S., Winzar, B., & Babin, B. (2017). Marketing Research: Asia-Pacific Edition (4th ed.). Melbourne, AUS: Cengage.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Rico Schwarzkopf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.